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Foreign keys
Applies to ✅ Open Source Edition ✅ Express Edition ✅ Professional Edition ✅ Enterprise Edition
A foreign key is a tool that helps further normalise your database by guaranteeing that a referenced value exists in a parent table. In our sample database, it enforces the integrity of the BOOK.AUTHOR_ID
reference. Besides integrity, it can be a very useful tool for optimising more sophisticated execution plans, e.g. to support JOIN elimination. In jOOQ, create foreign keys like this:
// Create a new table with columns and unnamed constraints create.createTable("table") .column("column1", INTEGER) .constraints( foreignKey("column1").references("other_table", "other_column1") ) .execute(); // Create a new table with columns and named constraints (recommended if you want to alter the constraint) create.createTable("table") .column("column1", INTEGER) .constraints( constraint("fk").foreignKey("column1").references("other_table", "other_column1") ) .execute();
jOOQ's code generator will pick up foreign keys for a variety of purposes, including navigational methods, the ON KEY joinsand most prominently, the very powerful implicit joins.
Dialect support
This example using jOOQ:
createTable("table") .column("column1", INTEGER) .constraints( constraint("fk").foreignKey("column1").references("other_table", "other_column1") )
Translates to the following dialect specific expressions:
Access, DB2, Firebird, Hana, Teradata
CREATE TABLE table ( column1 integer, CONSTRAINT fk FOREIGN KEY (column1) REFERENCES other_table (other_column1) )
ASE, Sybase
CREATE TABLE table ( column1 int NULL, CONSTRAINT fk FOREIGN KEY (column1) REFERENCES other_table (other_column1) )
Aurora MySQL, Aurora Postgres, Derby, DuckDB, Exasol, H2, HSQLDB, MariaDB, MemSQL, MySQL, Postgres, Redshift, SQLDataWarehouse, SQLServer, SQLite, Vertica, YugabyteDB
CREATE TABLE table ( column1 int, CONSTRAINT fk FOREIGN KEY (column1) REFERENCES other_table (other_column1) )
BigQuery
CREATE TABLE table ( column1 int64, CONSTRAINT fk FOREIGN KEY (column1) REFERENCES other_table (other_column1) NOT ENFORCED )
ClickHouse
CREATE TABLE table ( column1 Nullable(integer) ) ENGINE Log()
CockroachDB
CREATE TABLE table ( column1 int4, CONSTRAINT fk FOREIGN KEY (column1) REFERENCES other_table (other_column1) )
Informix
CREATE TABLE table ( column1 integer, FOREIGN KEY (column1) REFERENCES other_table (other_column1) CONSTRAINT fk )
Oracle, Snowflake
CREATE TABLE table ( column1 number(10), CONSTRAINT fk FOREIGN KEY (column1) REFERENCES other_table (other_column1) )
Trino
CREATE TABLE table ( column1 int )
Generated with jOOQ 3.20. Translate your own SQL on our website
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